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Yayın Alternatives to the state: Or, why a non-western IR must be a revolutionary science(Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research, İhsan Doğramacı Peace Foundation, 2020) Ringmar, Erik Ivar; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler BölümüThe idea of the sovereign state is at the core of the Western understanding of international politics. If we are serious about coming up with non-Western theories of international politics, it is the state that must be questioned. This article suggests some ways in which this can be done. Only once we have unthought the state can we reconstruct international politics as a more equitable, and peaceful, world order.Yayın Anarchism and religion(Routledge, 2021) Ringmar, Erik Ivar; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler BölümüA related problem is the close connection between religion and warfare. As anarchists point out, religions have always helped justify violence against foreigners. Religious denominations that have enjoyed the protection of the state have happily given their blessings to the state's wars. Anarchists object to the very language of religion – all those disciplinarian, authoritarian tropes. Civil liberties and regular elections are not enough to constitute a proper democracy, an anarchist will insist, but it is still an improvement over political systems that are considerably much worse. It is consequently possible, at least in theory, to imagine a state which, if only radically reconstructed, would be legitimate also in the eyes of anarchists. Many religious anarchists are also struggling with ways to reinterpret passages in their sacred texts that fail to fit with their political creed. Religious anarchists reject the power of the state while accepting the power of God.Yayın Heidegger on creativity: From boredom to re-engagement with the world(Springer, 2019) Ringmar, Erik Ivar; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler BölümüExperimental psychologists have discussed whether boredom can help us become more creative. At ?rst blush, this would seem to be rather unlikely. When we are bored, we are disengaged; we cannot be bothered and nothing seems worthwhile; we have no interest in the world around us. Such a condition, surely, is not conducive to creativity (Haager et al. 2018). Yet some psychologists disagree (Gasper and Middlewood 2014). Boredom, they explain, breaks down entrenched routines and thought-patterns and provides us with an opportunity to think again and anew. Respondents in “approach-oriented states” such as boredom engage in more “associative thought” than those in “avoidance-oriented affective states.” This is how boredom comes to encourage “the quest for meaning and exploration” (Gasper and Middlewood 2014, pp. 53–55...Yayın How do performances fuse societies?(Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2019) Ringmar, Erik Ivar; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler BölümüThis article discusses Jeffrey Alexander’s work on social performances. All societies, says Alexander, need a measure of integration—they need to be “fused”—for a common, properly social, life to be possible. In simple societies, this is achieved by means of rituals; in complex societies, it is achieved by means of the theater. In both cases, performances are understood in analogy with “texts” which are “read.” Although explicit interpretations indeed are crucial for our understanding of a performance, audience members make sense of what they see in more direct, more embodied, ways as well. Cognitive neuroscience can help us understand how performances affect us and thereby how societies are fused.Yayın Impact of modernization on Pashtun culture and the role of Sen's capability approach(İbn Haldun Üniversitesi, Medeniyetler İttifakı Enstitüsü, 2022) Tahirkheli, Najam Shafat; Ringmar, Erik Ivar; Ringmar, ErikThere have been suggestions from the literature that contemporary forces are straining the cultural harmony of Pashtuns in Pakistan, in addition to there being a need for a more holistic approach to development in the region. Therefore, this thesis attempts to answer two valuable questions: first, how is modernization impacting Pashtun culture, and second, is Amartya Sen's freedom-centered Capability Approach able to identify and resolve the challenges of modernization within the Pashtun context? Nobel Laureate economist Amartya Sen's Capability Approach—which sees human freedom as the centerpiece of development rather than the mere increase in material wealth--is a breakthrough in development studies. Due to the flexible applicability of Sen's approach, this thesis attempts to innovate from his ideas by evaluating the cultural "capabilities" of Pashtuns. Likewise, this work also critiques Sen's approach and philosophical assumptions; it concludes that his own normative worldview misses the deeper challenges of modernization. Field research was personally conducted in Pakistan for the purpose of this study--revealing primary knowledge of Pashtun culture and local perceptions. The results of this study suggest that certain cultural features of Pashtuns—their social village complex (Hujra) and traditional legal execution institution (Jirga) are facing challenges in modernity while their dynamic moral worldview system (Pakhtunwali) is at risk of losing its original significance. There are three reasons for this: urbanization, bureaucratization, and technology. This thesis utilized a mixed-method approach which consisted of both qualitative discourse, and opinion-based quantitative survey data. Yet the survey size was not large enough to make a conclusive claim—rather wishing that further studies may be inspired by this work. It is hoped that this research will benefit area and development studies in Pakistan, as well as inspire a much-needed application of Sen's Capability Approach within the context of preserving traditional cultures.Yayın In the story of war: Church and propaganda in France and Sweden, 1610–1710(Oxford Academic, 2018) Ringmar, Erik Ivar; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler BölümüIn The Story of War: Church and Propaganda in France and Sweden, 1610–1710, Anna Maria Forssberg contrasts and compares two similar seventeenth-century institutions—French Te Deum and Swedish tacksägelsedagar, “days of thanksgiving.” In both countries these ceremonies were ways in which monarchs made use of the institutional structure of the church in order to communicate with their subjects regarding matters of peace and war. This was how victories on the battlefield were celebrated but also how information and propaganda were disseminated to people at large. Forssberg’s is a quasi experimental method: by keeping one variable—the ceremony—constant, she can investigate how other variables differed in the two cases. In this way, more than being just a study of Te Deum and...Yayın Moving bodies: Embodied minds and the world that we made(Cambridge University Press, 2023) Ringmar, Erik Ivar; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler BölümüIncreasingly, we have come to live in our heads, leaving our bodies behind. The consequences have been as far-reaching as they have been devastating. This book employs several case studies – kings performing in ballets, sea captains dancing with natives, nationalists engaged in gymnastics exer cises – to explain what has been lost. These curious movements, we will discover, were ways to be, to think, to know, to imagine, and to will. They highlight the limits of historical explanations focusing on cultural factors and question currently fashionable “cultural” and “post-modern” perspec tives. Returning to our bodies and their movements enables us not only to explain historical actions in a new way, but also to understand ourselves better.Yayın Muslim calls to prayer in the Swedish welfare state(Taylor & Francis (Routledge), 2019) Ringmar, Erik Ivar; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler BölümüTo understand why support for anti-immigrant policies is on the increase in Sweden, we need to think about Muslim demands for parity within the country. In this context, the adhan (Muslim call to prayer) is best understood as a practice, not merely as an expression, and as all practices it forms a part of a certain way of life. The real question is whether or not other, non-Swedish, forms of life should be allowed in Swedish society. To this question all Swedish politicians, not only the Sweden Democrats, currently give a negative answer.Yayın The anti-nomadic bias of political theory(Palgrave Macmillan, 2020) Ringmar, Erik Ivar; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler BölümüOver the last couple of decades, the conditions of life for nomadic peoples have been radically rethought (Devore & Lee, 1999). Contrary to what we once were told, the lives of hunters, gatherers and pastoralists are generally not “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short” (Hobbes, 1651, i:13, p. 84). Rather, barring environmental calamities, their lives are sociable, rich, pleasant, sophisticated and long. Gatherers are not desperately digging for roots and hunters are not chasing wild geese. Instead hunters and gatherers have traditionally lived in abundant environments where looking for food is similar to looking for something to eat in a refrigerator (Turnbull, 1984, pp. 96–108). Their days can be spent on leisurely activities, and when food is required, they simply go and get it...Yayın The Great Wall of China does not exist(Routledge, 2018) Ringmar, Erik Ivar; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler BölümüWalls are distinct, man-made features of an environment, and to the extent that they block our way or our vision they are impossible to ignore. As such they arc inherently in need of an explanation. Yet walls can be built with many purposes in mind and serve several functions, and functions, moreover, are likely to vary over time. A tall, solid wall appears impassable in its concrete concreteness, yet walls, no matter how high, are never actually all that daunting. If we keep on moving, keep on exploring, we will sooner or later find a way around, across or under them; a gate wi 11 be found ajar, a tower unmanned or a guard who can be bribed (Lattimore 1962b: 486). Walls in the end are nothing in themselves and only something as a part of a tactic, but tactics often change - for technological, political or cultural reasons and the walls, as a result, will be rendered obsolete and useless. Walls are not final conclusions as much as temporary statements awaiting refutation. As a result, walls will tell us a lot about the outlook of the societies that built them. Walls tell stories about presumptions and premonitions, fears and ambitions; about who we take ourselves to be and how we relate to others. Yet as far as storytellers go, they are annoyingly silent. Walls cannot talk; they stonewall us; and it does not help if we plead with, or wail before, them.Yayın The new warring states era: Reviving of Legalism in China(İbn Haldun Üniversitesi, Medeniyetler İttifakı Enstitüsü, 2023) Tanrıkut, Mevlan; Ringmar, Erik Ivar; Ringmar, Erik; Medeniyetler İttifakı Enstitüsü, Medeniyet Araştırmaları Ana Bilim DalıGiven China's rapid development and its emergence as a major competitor to the West, it has become increasingly important for researchers to comprehend China comprehensively, encompassing its philosophy, culture, history, and politics. However, it has become commonplace for many academics and politicians to approach their understanding of China primarily through the lens of Confucian philosophy (Lin Yutang: 1934) and predict China's future development trajectory through a progressive perspective. Numerous studies claimed that China would become democratic with its economic prosperity. Yet, with China's growing economic strength and Xi Jinping's ascent to power, China has openly rejected the adoption of Western values and instead posited that it possesses alternative values and systems. Despite China being second in GDP and first in the middle-class number, it is still not democratic and Xi Jinping’s autocratic style is at odds with the benevolent ruling method advocated by Confucius. It seems that academic stereotypes that apply historically progressive approaches in China studies and put Confucianism at the center of Chinese political culture need to be revised. To this end, this research tries to answer two specific questions which are why the historical approach is more appropriate for China study and what kind of governing style China trying to implement under the leadership of Xi Jinping. By examining the influence of the Legalist school of thought on the Chinese administrative culture, this study asserts that rather than the modernization approach, the historical approach needs to apply to China studies methodologically and China’s political culture should not always be studied from the Confucian perspective, but the Legalist school of thought also seriously takes into account. Without Legalism, we can only partially understand China’s governance philosophy. As to the second question, this paper claims that present-day China is on the way to reviving the Han Dynasty style governing method under the leadership of Xi Jinping with the national project of “revitalizing the excellent Chinese culture”.Yayın The problem with performativity: Comments on the contributions(Springer Nature, 2019) Ringmar, Erik Ivar; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler BölümüThis article provides a critical assessment of the contributions to this special issue. As these articles show, it is only once we take theatrical metaphors seriously that what can start to understand international politics. The world really is a stage, on which states are the players. Yet the theoretical prejudices displayed in these articles obscure this fact rather than highlighting it. Poststructuralism, Butlerian theories of performativity, and actor-network theory are constitutionally incapable of discussing the theater. The reason is that real, theatrical, performances are events that audience members interpret by means of their bodies and their imagination.Yayın The right to practice your religion: European legislation and the origin of religious beliefs(Brill, 2024) Ringmar, Erik Ivar; İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler BölümüEuropean human rights legislation makes a distinction between “beliefs” and “manifestations” of beliefs. Beliefs are regarded as inviolable whereas manifestations, such as various religious practices, can be restricted by law. This article criticizes this distinction and argues that practices are necessary for religious beliefs. We participate in a religious practice, not since we believe, but we believe since we participate in a religious practice. European human rights legislation must be rewritten with this consideration in mind.
